Contestation and norm change in whale and elephant conservation: Non-use or sustainable use?

Elephants and whales took center stage in the environmental movements of 1980s. As flagship species, they were poster children global initiatives: international ivory trading commercial whaling banned 1980s context Convention on International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora (CITES) Whaling Commission (IWC), respectively. While conservation both species is contested, we observe a change existing norms one case but not other: A moratorium remains place. Meanwhile, limited shift to sustainable use regarding was passed 1997/2000. We ask why norm occurred other, given their similarities. argue that difference can be explained by perceived legitimacy claims challengers using arguments “affectedness” breadth issues covered CITES. In contrast, other factors commonly discussed research do explain this puzzle: relative power strategies advocates challengers, degree legalization. This shows interplay discursive aspects concrete institutional opportunities for change, even face otherwise inopportune conditions.